Minimum temperature will put stress on the larva development of Chickpea pod borer in Bundelkhand Agroclimatic zone during December 2016

This rabi season the timely sown chickpea crop may have very low larva number during December 2016. The onset of winter on time and prevalence of weekly minimum temperature of either below normal or near normal (around 10°C) from the start of November will create a stress for its growth. Till today no larva was found in one meter square row length of the crop sown on 20 and 30 October, 2016. The possibility of normal and below normal minimum temperature (around 9°C) for rest half of November month and dry period will be further aggravated this situation.

Thus, there may be a change of low larva number per meter square(0.5 to 1/m2) in Chickpea during December 2016 due to possibility of fall in minimum temperature further ( around 8°C or below) as compared to December 2015. Farmers are advised to keep watch on the chickpea crop for onset of larva on their chickpea crop

Soil moisture and temperature stresses on soybean yields

In Bundelkhand agroclimatic zone of Madhya Pradesh; soybean is in reproductive (R5) stage. Mostly dry period prevails between R4 to R5 stage which has created moisture stress. Maximum temperature remains above normal and now during this week touching 34°C, these conditions are putting stress on soybean and thus pod number, seed size may be reduced. If these conditions could prevails for one week more at the end of R5stage. Soybean yield will be affected.

Number of dry days will be more during September put a adverse effect on soybean yield

Passive phase of monsoon will be started in Bundelkhand due to which possibility of scattered rainfall  in this zone. Maximum temperature will be increased and minimum will be decreased. This type of situation put little be stress on translocation of biomass from sink to source if maximum temperature  is above 33-34°C for more than 6-7 days. YMV infection has been observed in local and old cultivars of soybean, which might be increased.

Wide spread rainfall and pest -disease in Bundelkhand

In next two days there is change of medium to heavy rainfall at many places of  Bundelkhand zone of M.P. This rain spell will decrease the activity and number of pest like white fly, green semi lopper and increase the griddle beetle incidence in Soybean.

Yellow mosaic virus symptoms will deceased in Soybean but may be same in Moonbean.

Farmers are advised to stop the pesticide spray in these crops.   

YMV infection is started in Urd crop in Tikamgarh district of Bundelkhand zone

Though the white fly population is low on the Urd crop, but YMV symptoms is appeared on the crop. The 2 to 3 % plants are expressed this symptom. There is possibility of moderate to heavy rainfall during next 48 hours and after that weather remains dry. If dry weather and maximum temperature after 17^th July is above 32°C for than a 5-6 days. The YMV symptoms on soybean crop will be expected to start at the ending week of July month in Tikamgarh district. Farmers are advised to keep watch the white fly population and keep field weed fry as much possible during July month. 

Low to moderate incidence of YMV in Soybean during kharif 2016 in Bundelkhand of M.P

Heavy rainfall and Low to moderate incidence of YMV in Soybean during kharif 2016 in Bundelkhand of M.P.

This year just after onset of monsoon white fly has migrated from other crops, weed, & habitats towards this region during last week of June (23-30). Their early arrival may be harmful and would be created an early infection on weeds and crops (Soybean). But thanks to very active monsoon period during the early July (1-8), which not only deeply recharge the soil, ponds, rivers and other and brings down the soil, water and air temperature. The heavy to very rainfall negatively impact the number of white fly population, and thus delay their activity and infections on plants.

The white fly infection may be delayed by two weeks. There is possibility in dry and sunny sky conditions during second and third week of July, which may has positive impact on white fly population but again there is possibility in wet and cloudy sky during last week of July and first week of August. These conditions may control not only white fly population but YMV on Soybean after 10^th August to 25^th August, which will coincide with the pod formation and pod development phase of Soybean.  

Above normal Temperature and water crisis in Bundelkhand in April 2016

The high temperature was recorded in Bundelkhand zone from 1 to 17 April 2016. The maximum temperature is 5-6 °C above normal and minimum is above 7-9°C above normal. The high temperature load created much more pressure on water demand, the vegetable and summer crops water demand have been increased. The water level is reported to be much lower than previous summers due to below normal rainfall in monsoon 2015.

The high temperature and low ground water together has created a crisis for water in this zone both for agriculture and human need.   

Bundelkhand will experience another spell of high wind,rainfall at the end of March

After two day between 28 and 29^th  March 2016, Bundelkhand area will experienced a W.D. effect and affected by high wind, thunder ,cloud and rain. Farmers are advised to keep the harvested crop in safe places and delay the harvesting of mature crop by three days. Irrigation and pesticide application may be stopped for three days.  

Possibility of rain during 13-15 March in Bundelkhand zone of M.P.

There is possibility of rainfall between 13-15 March 2016 at many place in Bundelkhand Agroclimatic zone of Madhya Pradesh. The rainfall will be occurred in Datia, Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh, Rewa, Panna, Lalitpur and many place with moderate to high wind speed. Farmers are adviced not to irrigate their crop field and also quickly harvest the mature crops and keep it at safe place. Avoid spraying of pesticide and insecticide during this period of wet period. 

Light rain is expected in Bundelkhand zone of M.P. during 15-19 January,2016

During next 5 day light rain (3-10mm) is expected to occur at many places in Bundelkhand region of M.P.  Cloudy weather will decreased the maximum day temperature by 3-4 °C. Rainfall will be received during 15-19 January,2016 at many places. Therefore, farmers are advised to stop or delay irrigation in all the rabi crops for next five days. 

Impact of above normal temperature on wheat growth and development: A scientific analysis

Temperature:

            Maximum and minimum temperatures were recorded above normal during 30 December, 2015 to 13^th January, 2016. The maximum and minimum temperatures were above 3 and 2°C above normal for two weeks respectively. The sowing of wheat was delayed by 15 days and started after 20 November due to soil moisture and high temperature conditions. The maximum and minimum temperatures were below 30 and 12°C during these two weeks. 

Crop stage:

            The crop was in vegetative stage and main process was tillering.

Optimum temperature and vernalization:

Optimal crop growth requires a non-limiting supply of water, nutrients, and radiation; as temperatures rise, the demand for growth resources increases due to higher rates of metabolism, development, and evapotranspiration (Rawson,1988). For spring wheat and barley, an air temperature of about 20–25°C is considered to be optimum for growth and development (Acevedo et al., 2002; Hakim et al., 2012; Hossain et al.,2012).

Temperatures above 30°C during floret formation cause complete sterility (Owen, 1971; Saini and Aspinal, 1982). When growth resources are limited by heat stress, the size of plant organs such as leaves, tillers, and spikes, is reduced (Martiniello and Teixeira da Silva, 2011; Hossain et al., 2012).

Spring-type wheat has a very mild response or no response at all to vernalization,.

Temperature and tillers:

Tillers are important for grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as well as in other cereals, but are also sensitive to environmental stresses. Hucl and Baker (1991) supported this conclusion that increasing the tillering capacity of cultivars could increase grain yield in semiarid environments. Within a given cultivar, however, Jones and Kirby (1977) indicated that restricting tiller number of plants in semiarid environments tended to increase grain yield compared to free-tillering plants due to the enhanced water-use efficiency. Not all tillers produce spikes in wheat, and many tillers abort before anthesis (Gallagher and Biscoe, 1978). The number of productive tillers depends on genotype and environment and is strongly influenced by planting density . Under favourable conditions, one and one-half fertile tillers per plant is a usual number.

Daylengh and crop growth:

The development of the inflorescence after induction occurs at a rate that is also dependent on daylength in those genotypes sensitive to photoperiod (Stefany, 1993). The shorter the day, the longer the phase is from double ridge to terminal spikelet (Figure 3.2), increasing the period to terminal spikelet and the number of spikelets per spike. Changes in daylength after the terminal spikelet have no effect on floret initiation or anthesis date.

Press reports

रबी खेती पर छाया खतरा सरकार गंभीर

 Submitted by Aksh on 10 January, 2016 - 11:28

दिसंबर के आखिरी दिनों में तापमान में ये उछाल और मौसम में गर्मी का अहसास किसानों के साथ आम जन के लिए चिंता का विषय बन गया है। मौसम विभाग के अनुसान जनवरी के पहले सप्ताह में तेज ठंड की उम्मीद नहीं है। 

गेहूं के लिए नुकसान
इन दिनों खेतों में खड़ी गेहूं की फसल के लिए तापमान की यह तेजी नुकसान का कारण बन सकती है। बढ़वार पर आई फसल के लिए अधिक तापमान नुकसान का कारण बन सकता है। जहां पहले बोवनी हो गई थी और फसल अधिक बड़ी हो गई है, उसके लिए और भी अधिक नुकसान होगा। 

ग़ेहूं में आई जल्दी बालियां होगा नुकसान

Questions to be asked

            When temperatures were not above critical limit, how they are affecting wheat crop growth and development is to be understood. Only due to high GDD their development will fast than normal and some tiller number may be reduced.   But this is due to above normal temperature coupled with soil moisture. But wheat is generally grown in irrigated situation and in vegetative stage fast or slow growth may be compensated in reproductive stage if weather and soil moisture will be around normal. If the temperatures will remains above normal now onwards for more than a week certainly affects wheat productivity, but it is too early to comment on that. 

Aphid activity in February 2016 in Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh

Present status ( up to 10 January 2016)

The mustard crop in flowering and pod development stage, number of aphid present (on 10cm upper part of branching) is almost nil. The temperature maximum and minimum are above normal by 2-3 and 1-2 °C. Dry weather with 9 hours of bright sunshine prevails.

Aphid in February

The growing degree day from 1 -15 January will be above 140 degree day, hence the number of aphid attack on mustard crop could be low during this month. Farmers are advised to carefully watch their mustard crop after 20^th February 2016.

MYMV , YMV and drought impact on two major pulse crop in Bundelkhand region

The high temperature, dry weather and outbreak of MYMV on black gram and YMV on Soybean were reported in Bundelkhand region especially in Tikamgarh, Chhattarpur, Sagar and other districts. But the impacts on crop yield were differed a lot on both the crops. In Tikamgarh district, on an average 34 per cent yield loss in blackgram and 67 per cent yield losses in soybean were recorded. This showed that black gram is still a better crop in kharif than soybean under abnormal weather condition/drought situation.